Ideas for Cost-Reduction in Manufacturing

Reduce Labor Costs

• can be generated by lowering the dollars paid to factory workers or by making workers more efficient
• can obtain low cost labor by unskilled labor
• decrease labor costs is to improve the efficiency of experienced labor
• eliminate the wasted steps in the process
• reduce time required to produce average unit by providing specialized training that allows employees to work at a faster pace 

Reduce Material Costs

• to procure materials for less money
• find ways to use less material in building process
• purchase materials in large lots to drive down unit costs
• research and determine which one to purchase for production

Reduce Overhead Costs

• building, utility, supply, storage, handling, travel, supervisory and administrative cost all add to manufacturing costs
• set budgets for these support costs and review them on a weekly, monthly and yearly basis
• keep debt and interest expense as low as possible
• review and shop for the lowest employee benefit cost each year
• monitoring tooling and supply cost, keep them in a secure area to deter loss 

Invest in Capital 

• the way to save money is to spend money
• investing in equipment that makes the manufacturing process faster 
• able to lower the production cost in the long run
• machinery that uses less material can also lover costs

Mass Customization

Mass customization is a concept whereby the customer has much higher involvement in the manufacturing process, being able to specify the features of the product they want, for example, selecting the functional and aesthetic features of a cars. Essentially, this trend reflects a change in manufacturers' attitudes. They are now listening to what the market and the consumers are demanding and addressing these requirements.

Manufacturing has been predominately about producing as much of a certain product at lowest unit cost in order to create value for the manufacturer, better known as mass production. As a result, this production-centric approach has told the customer what they need, leaving very little scope for input from the consumer. In essence, mass customization is a response to consumers demand for far greater control over the features of products that they wish to buy.

Advantages
• Customers are often more pleased with the finished product they receive, as it’s to their specification.
• Your workforce is more fulfilled as they now partake in numerous tasks as opposed to one production line responsibility.
• Customised products are more attractive to consumers than uniform products.
• Companies can forge strong relationships with their customers. That loyalty leads to return business time and again.
• As nothing is produced until an order is received, there are huge savings to be made by eradicating inventories of unsold goods and raw materials.

Disadvantages
• Maintaining a high level and variety of stock can incur high warehousing costs. Large amounts of capital are also tied up in stock.
• Typically, as the products are custom made they have a higher cost.
• Offering mass customisation with mass production efficiency is very difficult to achieve.
• If you are coming from a mass production background it is extremely tough to change your organisational structure and culture.
• Substantial investment is needed in information technology to create close integration between all links of your organisation’s value chain and external suppliers and intermediaries.

Mass Production affect the price of consumer goods

Goods could be made for the broadest possible market. Anything that consumers needed or desired could be made in larger quantities and thus resulted in the most affordable price of any product for the consumer without the manufacturer having to sacrifice profits. Mass production techniques such as assembly line which have helped reduce production cost.

While mass production is now the norm for consumer goods, there remains a demand for handmade products at higher prices, which may or may not be of superior quality.
Other products that are handmade rather than mass-produce and fetch higher prices that are out of the average consumer budget which include designer gowns, jewelry and leather goods. They have machine-made, mass produced counterparts, and purists insist that it takes a trained eye to spot the difference.
The only thing that cannot be mass produced but is still demand by collectors would be artwork, such as painting and sculptures. While they can be reproduced and mass produced, there can be only one original. There is, for example, only one Mona Lisa, but knock-offs can be created by any talented artist adept at copying the masterpiece.

What did consumers want/prioritize in a product?

• Going Green
• is a very important to many consumers now
• furniture that made from reusable material, or "upcycled" from another piece
• Multi-functional 
• consumers that live in small urban homes and apartments seek for furniture that serve double or triple duty
• Integrated technology
• wanted their furniture to help them be functional
• can be simple as cord organizer on a dresser or a USB port in desk.

According to Franklin Furniture Institute Furniture Outreach Program which was prepare by Nicole Ponder, a professor of marketing, one of his survey did mentioned about features for which consumers will pay more.

•  24.2% of consumers willing to pay more if the furniture is high on quality.

The other features where consumers willingly to pay more is that

•  12.9% of consumers able to get exactly what they want,
•  13.1% able to find a furniture that is customized to fit their style and preferences, 
• 9.8% of consumers will pay more if the furniture is made with environmentally-friendly materials.

Types of industrial production

There are four main type of production which are:

•  one-off production 
• only one product is being made at a time
• every product are different
• may be made by hand or a combination of hand and machine methods

• batch production 
• small quantities of identical products are made
• may be also labor intensive, but jigs and templates are used to aid production
• machines can be easily changed to produce a batch of a different product

• mass production 
• hundreds of identical products are made
• involves the assembly of a number of sub-assemblies of individual components 
• parts may be bought from other companies
• usually some automation of tasks and enables a smaller number of workers to output more products

• continuous flow production
• thousands of identical products are made
• differences between mass production is that the production line is kept running 24/7 to maximize production and eliminate extra cost for starting and stopping the production process
• highly automated and few workers are required
  
  
  
  

Companies that did mass production

These are some of the companies that their products are being mass produce.

Glovics Technology(Hk)Co., Ltd
Glovics technology (HK) Co., Ltd is subordinated to Glovics Technology (Korea) Which was established in the year of 2001 as a manufacturer of Printed Circuit Boards. Glovics has established itself as not only a manufacturer of large volume of PCBs, but also as a manufacturer of world competitive, high tolerance, high quality, small to medium volume production quantities. We specialize in manufacturing multilayer, double sided (2-16 layers) and single-sided printed circuit boards. Our monthly output is 30, 000 square meter. We handle surface finishing by OSP, HAL, hot air leveling, gold and nickel plating, immersion gold, Entek and outline by CNC drilling, CNC routing, punching, V-cut.
· Business Type :Manufacturing
· Year Established :2001
· Main Markets :Americas,Africa,Caribbean,America,East Europe,Euro
· Main Products :Sample And Mass Production are provided, Rapid Delivery And Services To All Customers., PCB, FPC Board
· Country/Region :China


Talent Link Limited
Talent Link Limited was established in 1996. They are specialize in development and production of variety precision plastic injection mold and plastic injection.
In 2003, we set up the Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling Department in order to shorten product development time and introduce products into the market with speed and precision.
Talent Link has implemented International quality system, ISO 9001:2000 in 2004 to ensure high quality management. Their products are widely used in Automobile part, Medical device, Telecommunication product, Engineering part, Electrical Appliance, Household product, Toys etc. High quality, competitive priced, fast delivery and quality management make us one of the leading manufacturers of plastic molds in Asia.
· Business Type :Manufacturer
· Year Established :1996
· Main Products :Plastic Injection Mold, Rapid Tooling,Rapid Prototype,Mass Production
· Country/Region :China

DRAN ENGINEERS PVT LTD
DRAN was established by Mr Anil Nagpure in 1982 in the shop space of merely 600 sq feet. It was started with one press and a cutting machine. Then gradually the machining processes were incorporated and became private limited in 1994. It had a sustained growth for about 12 years in the same place and moved to a bigger location for future expansion. The phase was of the transition from the machine shop to assembly shop. Now with a strong manufacturing base, it began to handle small assemblies’ right from the stage of machining. Then it gradually started concentrating on the manufacturing of Jig and Fixtures, Welding Fixtures, Special Purpose Machines, Head Rest Skinning Machines, Inspection Fixtures, CNC Machining Fixtures, Battery Lead Welding Machines and Conrod Bolt Tightening Machines. Dran started to expand in the close vicinity. In 2006, the automobile market started booming and this was real time to enter in the market. Dran decided to spread the hands wide for its expansion. Their major strength is highly experienced manpower and in-house manufacturing capacity of the complete machine tool.
Today Dran is equipped with all conventional machine tools with the blend of CNC and VMC machine with table size of 2000 mm. Dran also has latest inspection facilities such as CMM, Trimos and FARO arm.
· Business Type :Manufacturer, Trading Company, Distributor/Wholesa
· Location :MAHARASHTRA, India
· Main Markets :North America, South America, Eastern Europe, Sout
· Main Products :Jigs, Fixture,Welding Fixture,CNC Machining Fixtures, Inspection Fixtures,Special Purpose Machine, SPMs, Inspection Service,SPM, Mass Production,Engineering Designing Service, Designing Service,Engineering Services,Jigs & Fixture, Assembly Automation,Inspection,Tool Room,Engineering Design,Designing Sevices,Engineering Design Services, , Inspection Services
· Country/Region :India

Types of mass produce products

Automobile

The first automobile to be mass produced in the United States was the 1901 Curved Dash Oldsmobile, built by the American car manufacturer Ransome Eli Olds (1864-1950). Olds invented the basic concept of the assembly line and started the Detroit area automobile industry. But around 1913, American car manufacturer Henry Ford (1863-1947) was credited with inventing an improved assembly line by installing the first conveyor belt-based assembly line and was able to reduce production costs for cars by reducing the assembly time.

Food
Consistency has become a hallmark of fast food - in each chain, restaurants look alike and meals taste the same. The food itself is mass produced in a factory and then frozen. Restaurants store this frozen food in large, walk-in freezers. Cooks reheat it rather than making it from scratch. This is because the factory adds artificial and natural flavors to the food to make sure it all tastes the same. These flavors are manufactured separate factories. The equipment in the kitchen cooks all of the food for the same amount of time. For example, in some chains, a conveyor belt carries hamburger patties through a broiler. The broiler cooks the patties on both sides simultaneously, and the conveyor belt makes sure they're cooked for precisely the right amount of time. The employees in different restaurants follow the same instructions for cooking, dressing and packaging the food.

Furniture
The traditional mass produced furniture industry had several flaws. Manufacturers developed key lines, and simply increased production at specific times of the year. However, this would often result in bottlenecks in both the design and production processes. But this was often a leap of faith - reliant on sufficient orders being placed to make production cost-effective. Many factories had been built to produce large quantities of mass produced furniture, but just could not produce small quantities cost-effectively. So, when orders tailed off, production costs for each unit produced rose exponentially. This rigid approach to the manufacture of furniture led to many companies either relocating or outsourcing their production.

There are many other things that are being mass produce as the world is getting more and more advance, so only those above will be listed, for now...

MIFF 2017

 The furniture I like the most is Tsumineru which was designed by Yap Xin Yi. It is a combination of Chinese and Japanese style and the concept is dim sum. Although “The Able” which was designed by Pamela Yap Wei was also a good design but I would prefer Tsumineru more than “The Able” as Tsumineru has a unique design. Tsumineru’s uniqueness is the best among all 10 of the finalist but there is a reason why she cannot win. The main problem is that it is not ergonomic for people to use. The table and chair is not that proportionate as the chair is taller than the height of a normal chair. The furniture is also quite heavy, Just the lid of the furniture is already that heavy, if a person was going to move the whole furniture, it will be the test of strength for that person. It has lots of flaws in it, but it can always be improve till it is at its best. The uniqueness is there that is why it caught my eye the moment I lay my eyes upon it.

The furniture I did not like is “NVNA Tea Table” which was designed by Yang Wen Wei. The furniture is based on a boy and a girl and she used colours to represent it. The furniture is also very small, and I’m not sure if that a person will able to sit on it. Maybe it was meant for kids, but the height was not suitable as I do not think a kid will able to sit a chair that high. If it was meant for adult, the sitting area is too small. A normal person will be uncomfortable if they sit on it. It is a good design that she is able to get into the finalist, but I don’t really understand her concept and her design is common compare to Tsumineru, thus this is why I don’t really like this furniture that much,  

Why Mass Production?

Mass production involves producing goods in a large quantity. This strategy is undertaken in big companies under various circumstances. Though it is targeted at an individual long cost, it does not necessarily mean low quality.
The advantages of mass production is that lots of goods can be manufactured in a short amount of time and they are all standardized item. The result in a high accuracy level, though it requires continuous monitoring. Moreover, a lot of things are pre-decided, this results in division of labor, which is also one of the contributing factors for a high accuracy. And so, since each worker focuses on his individual job, a higher degree of a reliability is established. The rate of production was able to increase as the machines was powered by high level of automation. Thus, goods are manufactured efficiently and at an increased pace. A fast rate of production implies that the goods can be marketed faster and will leads to a steady profit in less time.

Whereas for the disadvantages of mass production is that if anything incorrect with the design, the entire production cycle will be affected. It also cannot be accurately verified until several have already been made, and so this results in terrific wastage of resources. As already mentioned, mass consumption is essential to determined the success rate of mass production and the company need to take into account the market demand of the product. However, there is no assurance or guarantee that the product will be hit among the consumers and if not, there will be no profit and all the produced goods will then be wasted. Though the overall expenditure per unit is reduced, the use of automated machine tools requires a lot of investment. There are other raw materials devised during the product design plan, which are very expensive and need to be purchased for a faster rate of production. Similarity is a trait of mass production. It is different if the product is in excess demand, but after a while, consumers may lose interest due to less variety. Even while producing the item, it is a bulk manufacturing strategy, therefore no variety is introduced, all the items are of the same quality, dimensions, etc. This could lead to limited consumption and wastage of capital.

Mass production needs a great deal of thought. It is always characterized by introducing some type of mechanization in order to retain quality and achieve ability and combat the disadvantages using effective means.

Refined Craft

"Decorated Like a Maven"  is a cover story in Calibre (December 2016) which is a lifestyle magazine for mature modern man. It was about how to decorate your living space like a professional.
"There is nothing 'raw and ready' here; instead this is about celebrating skill and time-intensive processes that cannot be mimicked in mass production." Products or furniture that undergo craft production always have its own uniqueness that are difficult to remake, thus higher its price. If you had something that no one or not many people had, that kind of feeling is indescribably. But from a designer's point of view, we can feel more accomplish and proud with the outcome as we made it with our own hands, whereas if we let the machines to do all the work, we will not feel that much accomplishment.    

 

Craft Production VS Mass Production

There will be always some argument about craft and mass production, some might say craft production is better than mass production, some say otherwise.

	Craft Production	Mass Production
Workers	The workers know about the whole process as they will be the one hand crafting most of the product, to do that they must be skill enough to meet the clients or the boss needs. They are also self-reliant.	The workers only know parts of the process as they were in charge on that certain part. They don’t need to have much skills on making the product but they will have to know how to operate the machines. They also have to be dependent.
Product	The product are usually being customize for an individual if someone requested.	The product are usually in a common or standard design as they were produce in a mass amount in a short period of time.
Advantages	The price of the product is flexible depends on how much work must be done.	The products are usually inexpensive and easy to repair of discard.
Disadvantages	The products are usually expensive and long apprenticeship is needed to meet the requirement of skills to make a nice crafting product.	The designs are usually rigid and the workers usually alienating work.

There are still many arguments between this two production. But of course different people will have different point of view about it.

Craft Production

Craft Production is a method of making goods by hand or with just simple tools. Craft production results in items that have their own uniqueness in their own way as it was handmade one by one. Craft produced good vary in quality, though they are often thought to have higher production values than mass produced versions. It is often possible for a craftsman to achieve certain effects or levels of detail using techniques that are not viable in mass production. Depends on the ability of the craftsman, how good will they able to craft a product to make it better than a product produce by mass production.

A table stand

A baby crib which was handmade by the child's father

Everything will have the advantages and disadvantages .The advantages of craft production is that lots of effort will be put into it as the craftsman will want to make it as good as possible, thus the quality always tends to be seen as considerably higher than something that was mass produced. The product can also be customized to fit a person needs. This can often be desirable from the standpoint of a consumer that is interested in unique items, though it can have drawbacks if the product ever needs to be repaired. Much skill is often required for the craftsman, therefore they are able to charge more for the manufacturing of the product.

 The disadvantages of craft production is that although the manufacturing process does not require machines for the producer, it takes a great amount of time and effort, thus the product will be more expensive than usual. Craft production also will be not possible to produce a large amount of products in a short amount of time, it could made the manufacturer to loss their profit, however the higher prices of craft product can sometimes make up for this. Another disadvantages is that the product is not design to disassemble, so if something goes wrong during the making of it, there are no interchangeable parts. Every piece also becomes more valuable so any defects will be more important.  

In cases where the absolute uniformity of a product is not necessary, craft production has some benefits over mass produced goods.  Furniture, cabinetry and other woodworking is often craft produced due to the level of detail and quality that the method allows for. Handicraft is also practiced around the world in areas where industrialization has been limited.

Futuristic Motorcycle- The Bullet Motorcycle with safety

Motorcycle is a familiar transport to people ever since 1885. It was a convenient transport but unlike bicycles which are eco-friendly, motorcycle was powered up by petroleum. But compared to cars or others heavy vehicles, motorcycle produce less exhaust as the petroleum it needed was lesser than the others. The major negative point of motorcycle is the safety features for it. People have come out with an idea of a helmet to protect the rider’s head, but sometimes not only the head just have to be protected. People are just focusing on the speed of the motorcycle. Their concern is always on how to make it go faster? What kind of design that will attract people? To me, what motorcycles need the most is more safety so that motorcyclist able to ride on road with ease. Well maybe in the future, there will be a motorcycle where people can ride it without any worries.

A motorcycle with a rooftop to protect the rider from sunlight and rain, an airbag will also be install, just like a car. If one is concern is about the balancing, there will be a magnetic waves so that it can be stabilise and will not fall easily. And with the magnetic waves, people who love fast able to ride as fast as they want as the motorcycle did not produce any friction against the ground. Petroleum will be drained if we keep using it as our resources continuously as it will not only be one person using it, but all of the people in earth will be using it. If the motorcycle uses electricity as fuel, it might not able to run out but it will be costly. As well as if we use water as fuel, water is important to any living things on earth, and it will be somehow limited in the future, so it might end up costly too or finish its resources. Thus, a solar powered motorcycle is a better choice as sunlight is unlimited resource. If one is worried when it was cloudy or rainy for days? It is not a problem as the power can be store up to weeks depends on how much the rider used.

In the future, if you were going to be late for work and driving a car will be even worse as it will sure have to face the major traffic conjunction, thus riding a motorcycle would be a better option. With just a few command, you can see that your motorcycle coming in a speed of the light, you hope on it, fasten your seatbelt and off you go. After you command your motorcycle to your destination, you have your light breakfast first. Due to the motorcycle uses magnetic waves, it does not touch the ground when it moves, so it will not have any shakiness during the ride. Halfway during your journey, the sky started pouring cats and dogs, but luckily your motorcycle has a rooftop to protect you from getting wet. Later, maybe it was because of the weather condition, a car did not notice you and hit you with your motorcycle straight into it. With the help of the magnetic waves, it did not lose its balance, it just ski through but did not fall of balance, meanwhile inside you did not get hurt as well as the interior was covered by cushion so that you will not get hurt even though it will not even fall. After some minor confrontation, you continue your journey back to work. After it reach your destination, you get off of it, it went to find its own parking spot, and after finding a parking spot, it will be starting to absorb as much sunlight as possible even though when the weather condition is bad. After you finish your work, you want to release all your stress which you accumulate for the day, you command your destination and it appear right before your eyes, and you command it to go to your destination, you just sit back and relax for a moment. In a short period of time, it reaches a remote but spacious space, and with your few command, the rooftop was open and it became manually controlled. You wanted to feel the air when you were speeding so you can put all your stress away.  When you feel satisfy, it will return to automatic mood so you can take your ride home comfortably without worrying about the traffic. 

Review on METROPOLIS (1927 film)

Metropolis is a 1927 silent film which was directed by Fritz Lang. This movie was about how people during 1927 imagine what will the future become, how will it looks like during 2026.

Metropolis (1927)
 by Fritz Lang

 In this movie, they clearly show that the different treatment with the higher-class people at the high-rise tower enjoying life, whereas the lower-class people will be at the underground dealing with the machines for 10 hours a day.

The city in the movie of Metropolis.

Freder, whom was the son of Joh Fredersen, the city's master, met Maria and later witnessed the explosion of the machine which killed and injure several workers, and so he decided to rebel his own father and help the workers. The fake Maria who was a robot that was invented by Rotwang, urged the workers to rise up to destroy the machines. Feder knew that Maria was not the Maria he loved. The Maria he loves wanted peace and not war. But the workers ignore Freder as they found out he was the son of the city's master, they beat him up and follow the fake Maria to the machines room, leaving their children behind to destroy the Heart Machine. As result, the workers' city has started flooding. The real Maria escaped from Rotwang's house and help the children with the help of Freder. The workers burned the fake Maria to death as they blamed her for the death of their children. Freder watches, not understand the deception until the fire reveals her to be a robot. Rotwang fall to death after the fight with Freder at the roof of the cathedral. Freder fulfill his role as mediator by linking hands of Fredersen and Grot to bring them together.

This movie was played in our lecture, and one of the interesting thing is that our lecturer wanted us to make our own dialog when the movie was being played. Well it may sound boring if we follow the plot, but we just keep making different dialog out of it which has no relation at all. We just say out any random thoughts which came out of their mind and what we said had actually match the actions of the character. Some of us had also even make the sound effects too. It was just so fun. But of course we were still on track with the story line so we'll know what this movie is about.

After watching this movie, the major thought in my mind was that: " Their acting were so dramatic." Compare to the movies nowadays, the actors and actress were acting naturally like how we usually do off screen, but for the actors and actress in metropolis, their action and expression was so dramatic. But then, Metropolis IS a silent movie, which of course, silent. The audience could not hear them talk, we could only know their speech when the dialog was shown on screen, and it's not all of it, only the important part. Thus the actors and actress have to act and show the audience through just actions and facial expressions only. Anger, sadness, happiness are only able to show through actions and facial expressions, how difficult is that.

Maria's dramatic reaction 

Freder's dramatic reaction 

Considering this movie was being film in 1927, the effects are actually good. Whether is sound or special effects, they are awesome. But there is a part where the city start flooding, the water movement actually makes no sense...Waterfall flowing down in the middle of the city....yeah...people makes mistakes and learn from it.

The ring effect

"Waterfall" in the city

People always wonder how will the future looks like, and this is one of the movies that assume what will it look in the future. It didn't actually change much from their current time, maybe the advancement of technology, but the humanity in this world would not change that much. What do I think of the future? I am not sure of myself.

Mass Production

"Mass production". "flow production" or "continuous production" is the manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, frequently utilizing assembly line technology. This process is to create large amount of products in a short amount of time. Few examples of mass productions such as cars, guns, fast food, and so does furniture. Mass production created at a low cost and with a small workforce. There are advantages and disadvantages for mass production. For the advantages, the typically results in high-accuracy assembly as production line machines are input with fixed parameters. Labor cost will also be reduce as the goods will be mostly made by machines. It will also assemble at a quicker rate due to increased automation and efficiency. Whereas for the disadvantages, mass production may result wasted resources as it will sometimes have production design error, not only will have resources wasted, it will also cost a lot due to the redesign and rebuilt mass production process. If one area was interrupted, the entire production process will be affected.

Goods that were able to produce in a short amount of time

Example of a mass production factory 

Furniture that undergoes mass production are usually simple but unique design, as machines are unable to make complicated designs and thus able to produce more furniture in a short amount of time. If the factory wanted to produce more product and make profit, the quality of materials will being reduce to save cost.

Chair production

Furniture production 

 To increase profit, it is a good production as it can be produce tons in a short amount of time. But for designers, it may be not as good as handmade or crafting furniture as the furniture has no feelings in it due to the ones that were making them are just a cold hard machinery objects.

Planned Obsolescence

What is planned obsolescence? Planned obsolescence is actually a strategy that ensure a product will become useless within a time period. It will let consumers will demand replacements in the future. It can even increase the number of sales of the same consumer. Obsolescence can be achieved through introduction of a superior replacement or a product design meant to cease proper function within a specific window.

Why would someone want to limit something when they were able to achieve a better result? Well, most of the reason behind it are because of money, obviously. When Bernard London started planned obsolescence in 1932, it is due to the depression of the economy back then.

Ending the Depression Through Planned Obsolescence by Bernard London 1932

From my understanding, they were really depressed that time and having a hard time to survive so they were force to come out with this plan. But not all the time they will be facing economy problem, so it was not necessary to work out this plan. Some company may be too focusing on making more profit and thus reduce the quality of a product even though the country's economy is not facing any crisis. So why not make something that is in its best?

Lets face the reality, it is true that company cannot make enough profit if the product can last very long, but why not come out with some other solutions? Maybe we can make some product at its best, but the price might be higher a little than the usual. It was not going to be random charge without though. If a product is good, this is because the people making it had put lots of their thoughts and hard work just to make it better, or even the material they used are special, and thus it will cost more.
Consumers had a choice of what they want to choose, if the product is expensive, not all are able to afford it, or even think that it was unnecessary to purchase it, and so they can purchase the product that the manufacture had already limited its timeline.

This suggestion had actually lots of unsolved holes regarding the marketing wise, but at least we can start from there maybe?  As designers, of course we always want to improve the product until it has no flaws, and so it means long lasting is one of them. But from the marketing point of view, this is not a good idea as they will not make any income if the consumers did not purchase anything again in a short period of time. So, how to make a product in its best quality and not lose profit throughout the upcoming years? Well...let us see then...